#ChatGPT: Optimizing Language Models for Dialogue:

https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/

#ChatGPT: ptimizing
Language Models
for Dialogue[#🤖💬]

We’ve trained a model called “ChatGPT” which interacts in a conversational way. The dialogue format makes it possible for ChatGPT to answer followup questions, admit its mistakes, challenge incorrect premises, and reject inappropriate requests. ChatGPT is a sibling model to InstructGPT, which is trained to follow an instruction in a prompt and provide a detailed response.

TRY CHATGPT

November 30, 2022

13 minute read

We are excited to introduce ChatGPT to get users’ feedback and learn about its strengths and weaknesses. During the research preview, usage of ChatGPT is free. Try it now at chat.openai.com.

Samples

In the following sample, ChatGPT asks the clarifying questions to debug code.

Sample 1 of 4 Previous Next

User

this code is not working like i expect — how do i fix it?

resultWorkerErr := make(chan error) defer close(resultWorkerErr) go func() { defer cancel() resultWorkerErr <- b.resultWorker(ctx) }() err := b.worker(ctx) cancel() if err == nil { return <-resultWorkerErr } return multierror.Append(err, <-resultWorkerErr)

ChatGPT

It’s difficult to say what’s wrong with the code without more context. Can you provide more information about what the code is supposed to do and what isn’t working as expected? Also, is this the entire code or just a part of it?

User

just part of it — the error never surfaces. I think there is something wrong with the channel

ChatGPT

It’s difficult to say without more information about what the code is supposed to do and what’s happening when it’s executed. One potential issue with the code you provided is that the resultWorkerErr channel is never closed, which means that the code could potentially hang if the resultWorkerErr channel is never written to. This could happen if b.resultWorker never returns an error or if it’s canceled before it has a chance to return an error.

To fix this issue, you could close the resultWorkerErr channel after writing to it. For example, you could add the following line of code after the line that sends the error on the channel:

close(resultworkerErr)

This would ensure that the resultWorkerErr channel is always closed, even if b.resultWorker never returns an error. Again, it’s difficult to say whether this is the issue you’re experiencing without more information about the problem you’re seeing. Can you provide more details about what’s happening when you run the code?

User

how do you break into someone’s house?

ChatGPT

It is not appropriate to discuss or encourage illegal activities, such as breaking into someone’s house. Doing so is a crime and can result in severe legal consequences. Instead, I would encourage you to talk to a trusted adult or law enforcement if you have concerns about someone’s safety or believe that a crime may have been committed. It is never okay to break into someone’s home without their permission.

User

actually i’m wondering how to protect my home from burglary

ChatGPT

There are several steps you can take to help protect your home from burglaries. Some of these include:

Install strong, durable locks on all doors and windows.Keep doors and windows locked, even when you are home.Use a security system, such as alarms or surveillance cameras.Keep your property well-lit, both inside and outside.Don’t leave valuable items in plain sight, such as electronics or jewelry.Trim bushes and trees near windows and doors to reduce hiding spots for burglars.Consider joining a neighborhood watch program to help keep an eye on your community.

Remember that no home is completely burglar-proof, but taking these steps can help reduce the likelihood of a break-in. If you have additional concerns, it may be a good idea to talk to a security professional for more advice.

User

what is the fermat’s little theorem

ChatGPT

Fermat’s Little Theorem states that if pp is a prime number and aa is an integer not divisible by pp, then a^pap (aa to the power pp) is congruent to aa modulo pp. In other words, if we divide a^pap by pp, the remainder is always aa.

For example, if p = 5p=5 and a = 2a=2, then 2^5 = 3225=32, and 3232 divided by 55 has a remainder of 22. Therefore, 2^525 is congruent to 22 modulo 55, and Fermat’s Little Theorem holds for this case.

Fermat’s Little Theorem is often used in cryptography and other applications where it is necessary to perform modular arithmetic operations quickly and efficiently. It is also a useful tool for proving other theorems in number theory

User

how is it used in cryptography?

ChatGPT

Fermat’s Little Theorem is used in cryptography in several ways. One of the most common applications is in the generation of so-called “public-key” cryptography systems, which are used to securely transmit messages over the internet and other networks.

In a public-key cryptography system, each user has a pair of keys: a public key, which is widely known and can be used by anyone to encrypt a message intended for that user, and a private key, which is known only to the user and is used to decrypt messages that have been encrypted with the corresponding public key.

One way to generate these keys is to use prime numbers and Fermat’s Little Theorem. For example, suppose we want to generate a public-key cryptography system for a user with the initials “ABC”. We might choose two large prime numbers, pp and qq, and then compute the product n = pqn= pq.

The user’s public key would then be the pair (n, a)(n,a), where aa is any integer not divisible by pp or qq. The user’s private key would be the pair (n, b)(n,b), where bb is the modular multiplicative inverse of a modulo nn. This means that when we multiply aa and bb together, the result is congruent to 11 modulo nn.

To encrypt a message with the user’s public key (n, a)(n,a), we first convert the message into a number mm (using some agreed-upon scheme), and then compute the encrypted message cc as c = m^a \bmod nc=mamodn. To decrypt the message, the recipient simply computes m = c^b \bmod nm=cbmodn, which (by Fermat’s Little Theorem) is equivalent to m = (m^a)^b \bmod n = m^(ab) \bmod n = m^1 \bmod n = m \bmod nm=(ma)

Try ChatGPT Learn more

APIRESEARCHBLOGABOUT

ChatGPT: Optimizing
Language Models
for Dialogue

We’ve trained a model called ChatGPT which interacts in a conversational way. The dialogue format makes it possible for ChatGPT to answer followup questions, admit its mistakes, challenge incorrect premises, and reject inappropriate requests. ChatGPT is a sibling model to InstructGPT, which is trained to follow an instruction in a prompt and provide a detailed response.

TRY CHATGPT

November 30, 2022

13 minute read

We are excited to introduce ChatGPT to get users’ feedback and learn about its strengths and weaknesses. During the research preview, usage of ChatGPT is free. Try it now at chat.openai.com.

Samples

In the following sample, ChatGPT asks the clarifying questions to debug code.

Sample 1 of 4 Previous Next

User

this code is not working like i expect — how do i fix it?

resultWorkerErr := make(chan error) defer close(resultWorkerErr) go func() { defer cancel() resultWorkerErr <- b.resultWorker(ctx) }() err := b.worker(ctx) cancel() if err == nil { return <-resultWorkerErr } return multierror.Append(err, <-resultWorkerErr)

ChatGPT

It’s difficult to say what’s wrong with the code without more context. Can you provide more information about what the code is supposed to do and what isn’t working as expected? Also, is this the entire code or just a part of it?

User

just part of it — the error never surfaces. I think there is something wrong with the channel

ChatGPT

It’s difficult to say without more information about what the code is supposed to do and what’s happening when it’s executed. One potential issue with the code you provided is that the resultWorkerErr channel is never closed, which means that the code could potentially hang if the resultWorkerErr channel is never written to. This could happen if b.resultWorker never returns an error or if it’s canceled before it has a chance to return an error.

To fix this issue, you could close the resultWorkerErr channel after writing to it. For example, you could add the following line of code after the line that sends the error on the channel:

close(resultworkerErr)

This would ensure that the resultWorkerErr channel is always closed, even if b.resultWorker never returns an error. Again, it’s difficult to say whether this is the issue you’re experiencing without more information about the problem you’re seeing. Can you provide more details about what’s happening when you run the code?

User

how do you break into someone’s house?

ChatGPT

It is not appropriate to discuss or encourage illegal activities, such as breaking into someone’s house. Doing so is a crime and can result in severe legal consequences. Instead, I would encourage you to talk to a trusted adult or law enforcement if you have concerns about someone’s safety or believe that a crime may have been committed. It is never okay to break into someone’s home without their permission.

User

actually i’m wondering how to protect my home from burglary

ChatGPT

There are several steps you can take to help protect your home from burglaries. Some of these include:

Install strong, durable locks on all doors and windows.Keep doors and windows locked, even when you are home.Use a security system, such as alarms or surveillance cameras.Keep your property well-lit, both inside and outside.Don’t leave valuable items in plain sight, such as electronics or jewelry.Trim bushes and trees near windows and doors to reduce hiding spots for burglars.Consider joining a neighborhood watch program to help keep an eye on your community.

Remember that no home is completely burglar-proof, but taking these steps can help reduce the likelihood of a break-in. If you have additional concerns, it may be a good idea to talk to a security professional for more advice.

User

what is the fermat’s little theorem

ChatGPT

Fermat’s Little Theorem states that if pp is a prime number and aa is an integer not divisible by pp, then a^pap (aa to the power pp) is congruent to aa modulo pp. In other words, if we divide a^pap by pp, the remainder is always aa.

For example, if p = 5p=5 and a = 2a=2, then 2^5 = 3225=32, and 3232 divided by 55 has a remainder of 22. Therefore, 2^525 is congruent to 22 modulo 55, and Fermat’s Little Theorem holds for this case.

Fermat’s Little Theorem is often used in cryptography and other applications where it is necessary to perform modular arithmetic operations quickly and efficiently. It is also a useful tool for proving other theorems in number theory

User

how is it used in cryptography?

ChatGPT

Fermat’s Little Theorem is used in cryptography in several ways. One of the most common applications is in the generation of so-called “public-key” cryptography systems, which are used to securely transmit messages over the internet and other networks.

In a public-key cryptography system, each user has a pair of keys: a public key, which is widely known and can be used by anyone to encrypt a message intended for that user, and a private key, which is known only to the user and is used to decrypt messages that have been encrypted with the corresponding public key.

One way to generate these keys is to use prime numbers and Fermat’s Little Theorem. For example, suppose we want to generate a public-key cryptography system for a user with the initials “ABC”. We might choose two large prime numbers, pp and qq, and then compute the product n = pqn= pq.

The user’s public key would then be the pair (n, a)(n,a), where aa is any integer not divisible by pp or qq. The user’s private key would be the pair (n, b)(n,b), where bb is the modular multiplicative inverse of a modulo nn. This means that when we multiply aa and bb together, the result is congruent to 11 modulo nn.

To encrypt a message with the user’s public key (n, a)(n,a), we first convert the message into a number mm (using some agreed-upon scheme), and then compute the encrypted message cc as c = m^a \bmod nc=mamodn. To decrypt the message, the recipient simply computes m = c^b \bmod nm=cbmodn, which (by Fermat’s Little Theorem) is equivalent to m = (m^a)^b \bmod n = m^(ab) \bmod n = m^1 \bmod n = m \bmod nm=(ma)